Coombs’ Test, Indirect
Test Description
The indirect Coombs’ test is used to detect unexpected circulating antibodies in the
patient’s serum which may react against transfused red blood cells. These antibodies
are ones other than those of the A, B, and O blood groups. This is different from the
direct Coombs’ test, which detects antibodies already attached to the red blood cells.
In this test, the patient’s serum is considered the antibody and the donor red
blood cells as the antigen. The serum and antigenic red blood cells are brought
together to allow any antibodies to attach to the red blood cells. Antihuman globulin
is then added. If the patient’s serum contains an antibody that reacted with and
attached to the donor red blood cells, agglutination will occur and the test is considered
positive. If no agglutination occurs, no antigen-antibody reaction has taken
place. The serum may contain an antibody, but the donor red blood cells do not
have the antigen against which the antibody would respond. Positive tests are followed
with additional testing to identify the specific antibody present.
Normal Values
Negative
Possible Meanings of Abnormal Values
Positive
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic anemia (drug-induced)
Incompatible crossmatch
Maternal-fetal Rh incompatibility
Prior transfusion reaction
Contributing Factors to Abnormal Values
• Hemolysis of the blood sample may alter test results.
• Administration of dextran or IV contrast media prior to the test may alter test results.
• Drugs which may cause a positive indirect Coombs’ test: cephalosporins, chlorpromazine,
insulin, isoniazid, levodopa, mefenamic acid, methyldopa, penicillin, phenytoin,
procainamide, quinidine, sulfonamides, tetracyclines.
Interventions/Implications
Pretest
• Explain to the patient the purpose of the test and the need for a blood sample to be drawn.
• No fasting is required before the test.
Procedure
• A 7-mL blood sample is drawn in a red-top collection tube.
• Gloves are worn throughout the procedure.
Posttest
• Apply pressure at venipuncture site. Apply dressing, periodically assessing for continued
bleeding.
• Label the specimen and transport it to the laboratory.
• Report abnormal findings to the primary care provider.
Clinical Alerts
• Positive indirect Coombs’ tests indicate the need for antibody identification testing
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